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ISSN 2070-7401 (Print), ISSN 2411-0280 (Online)
Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

  

Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2026, V. 23, No. 2, pp. 95-110

Methodology of CO2 concentration retrieval from IKFS-2 spectrometer 15-μm measurements on board Meteor-M No. 2 satellite

P.V. Vlasov 1 , E.D. Starichenko 1 , N.I. Ignatiev 1 , A.Yu. Trokhimovskiy 1 , A.A. Fedorova 1 , O.I. Korablev 1 , A.A. Lomakin 1 
1 Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia
Accepted: 15.12.2025
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2026-23-2-95-110
The research explores the possibility of CO2 concentration retrieval as one of the key greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere from IKFS-2 (Infrared Fourier Spectrometer) measurements on board Meteor-M No. 2 spacecrafts that are observing the Earth in nadir in the spectral range of 5–15 μm. The IKFS-2 operating range contains a deep CO2 absorption band in the 15 μm region whose shape depends on the vertical pressure–temperature profile and CO2 mixing ratio. Therefore, this absorption band is typically used to retrieve the temperature profile from the surface up to 60 km of altitude with known CO2 content. Here, we study the possibility and accuracy of CO2 content retrieval from measurements in the 15-μm band. The retrieval of the vertical temperature profile and trace gases concentrations is the inverse problem with respect to radiative transfer calculation in the thermal infrared spectral region. The solution is sought using the iterative nonlinear optimal estimation method. The approach is an adaptation of a successfully operating method for processing nadir data from the TIRVIM (Thermal InfraRed) measurements on board ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter in a similar problem of thermal sounding of the Martian atmosphere in the same spectral range. Fluctuations in the temperature of the lower atmosphere of several K are found to affect the radiation measured by IKFS-2 as strongly as variations in CO2 concentration of tens of ppmv. Taking into account the uncertainty of the temperature profile at the scale of the spectrometer field of view, the coarseness of the spatiotemporal resolution and the inaccuracies of the weather data, the errors in the retrieved CO2 content are too high to use 15-μm nadir measurements to create global maps and track long-term trends in atmospheric CO2 abundance.
Keywords: Earth atmosphere, Meteor-M No. 2, IKFS-2, greenhouse gases, CO2 concentration, absorption band, thermal sounding, inverse problem, temperature
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