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ISSN 2070-7401 (Print), ISSN 2411-0280 (Online)
Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

  

Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2026, V. 23, No. 4, pp. 346-356

Emissivity of nilas and grey ice based on the results of emulated satellite microwave radiometric experiment of the LED-SMP-1/2024 expedition

V.V. Tikhonov 1, 2 , D.M. Ermakov 1, 3 , А.V. Kuzmin 1 , T.A. Alekseeva 4, 1 , S.S. Serovetnikov 4 , E.V. Afanasyeva 4, 1 , V.D. Kotelnikov 4 , S.A. Vturin 1 
1 Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia
2 Institute for Water and Environmental Problems SB RAS, Barnaul, Russia
3 Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics RAS, Fryazino Branch, Fryazino, Moscow Region, Russia
4 Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Accepted: 30.06.2026
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2026-23-4-346-356
In this paper, the emissivity of nilas, rafted nilas and grey ice has been determined and analyzed using data from the emulated satellite microwave radiometric experiment conducted during the LED-SMP-1/2024 expedition. The brightness temperature of sea ice was measured on board the nuclear icebreaker Yamal in May 2024 using a microwave radiometric complex at frequencies of 19, 22.2, and 36 GHz. The experiment involved two main observation modes: at an angle of 53 and 65° to the normal, which corresponds to the observation geometry of the main satellite radiometers. Microwave radiation of the atmosphere was measured at the zenith and at angles mirroring the geometry of sea ice surface observations (i.e. 53 and 65° to the zenith direction). The results of data processing showed an increase in the surface emissivity as sea ice grows from open water to first-year ice. The polarization difference at 36 GHz in both observation modes decreases as ice develops from rafted nilas to first-year ice. The polarization difference for nilas at 36 GHz and observation angle of 53° is greater than for open water. Large variability in the emissivity of nilas, rafted nilas and grey ice has been noted. This must be taken into account when analyzing satellite microwave radiometer data.
Keywords: emulated satellite experiment, microwave radiometry, brightness temperature, emissivity, sea ice, nilas, rafted nilas, grey ice
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