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ISSN 2070-7401 (Print), ISSN 2411-0280 (Online)
Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

  

Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2025, V. 22, No. 5, pp. 264-273

Features of formation and interannual variability of Ladoga Lake spring thermal bar in 2016–2022

A.A. Konik 1 , A.V. Zimin 1, 2 , O.A. Atadzhanova 1 , A.V. Isaev 1 
1 Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia
2 Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Accepted: 22.07.2025
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2025-22-5-264-273
The thermal bar is a seasonal thermal frontal zone that forms during the spring and autumn in Lake Ladoga, the largest dimictic lake in Europe. Characterized by strong horizontal temperature gradients, the thermal bar significantly influences the development of stratification, background circulation, and generation of mesoscale eddies. This study aims to assess physical and geographical characteristics and key factors driving the variability of spring thermal bar in Lake Ladoga based on long-term satellite-derived surface temperature data from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) sensors for the period from May to June 2016–2022. Our analysis reveals a systematic southward displacement of the lake’s primary thermal front in June compared to its historical climatological position, alongside a steady increase in the extent of the thermally active zone in recent years. The main drivers of this spatial-temporal variability are winter cooling intensity, intra-seasonal atmospheric temperature anomalies, and the structure of atmospheric circulation patterns, as captured by the Scandinavian index (SCAND). Furthermore, the variability of eddy activity correlates with periods of minimum and maximum thermal bar extent, highlighting a strong link between the timing of stratification onset and lake-wide circulation dynamics.
Keywords: thermal bar, front, eddies, satellite temperature, Aqua, Terra, Suomi NPP, SCAND, Lake Ladoga
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