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ISSN 2070-7401 (Print), ISSN 2411-0280 (Online)
Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

  

Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2025, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 256-266

Satellite monitoring of ice hummocky formations in the Sea of Azov in 2015–2024

A.A. Magaeva 1 
1 Southern Scientific Centre RAS, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Accepted: 13.03.2025
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2025-22-2-256-266
The Sea of Azov is a shallow water area with seasonal ice cover. The physical and hydrometeorological characteristics of the Sea of Azov contribute to active ice hummocking. As a result, hummocks, ridges and grounded hummocks (stamukhas) are formed. These ice formations are dangerous to maritime shipping and marine and coastal engineering structures. Due to active marine economic activity in the Sea of Azov and regional climate changes, information on the localization of ice hummocky formations is extremely important. This article is dedicated to satellite monitoring of hummocky ice formations in the Sea of Azov in 2015–2024. For this purpose, the methodology for detecting hummocky formations developed by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute has been applied. According to the methodology, high-resolution (spatial resolution of 10–30 m) radar and optical satellite images, hydrometeorological data, bathymetry and historical data on the location of ice hummocky formations were used. 105 satellite images were used: radar images from Sentinel-1A SAR-C (Synthetic Aperture Radar, C-band) and visible images from Sentinel-2 MSI (Multispectral Instrument) and Landsat-8, -9 OLI (Operational Land Imager). Analysis and processing of satellite images was carried out using the VEGA-Science web GIS created at Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. As a result, new data on ice hummocky formations in the Sea of Azov were obtained. These are the area, transverse length and dates of formation and destruction. The location of ice hummocky formations was estimated using the bathymetry of the Sea of Azov and GIS analysis. For 2015–2024, 642 hummocky formations were discovered; the area varied from 5963 to 11 125 m2. The sea ice area of the Sea of Azov has decreased. The average sea ice area for 2015–2024 is 9.2 %. This is less than the long-term average for 1950–2024 and the climatic norm for 1991–2020. For this reason, ice hummocky formations are located mainly in the Taganrog Bay at depths of 0.5–2.5 m and are observed for an average of about 30 days. However, hummocky formations can form in the open sea and in the Kerch Strait in some winters when there is a large sea ice area (for example, winter 1953/54, 1955/56, etc.).
Keywords: ice hummocky formations, hummock, grounded hummock, sea ice, ice cover, Sea of Azov, Taganrog Bay, satellite monitoring
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