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ISSN 2070-7401 (Print), ISSN 2411-0280 (Online)
Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

  

Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2024, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 294-308

On the issue of determining the scattering diagram of ice cover using bistatic remote sensing data in the L-band

D.A. Kovaldov 1 , Yu.A. Titchenko 1 , V.Yu. Karaev 1 , M.A. Panfilova 1 , V.P. Lopatin 2 , V.F. Fateev 2 
1 Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
2 Russian Metrological Institute of Technical Physics and Radioengineering, Solnechnogorsk, Moscow Region, Russia
Accepted: 07.11.2024
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2024-21-6-294-308
The possibilities of the bistatic sensing scheme implemented using the TDS-1 satellite (TechDemoSat-1) and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) for detecting sea ice and determining the sea ice scattering diagram in the L-band are considered. The proposed approach is based on determining the scattering diagrams of sea waves and sea ice using the delay-Doppler map (DDM) of the reflected GNSS signal. During processing, the Doppler spectrum (DS) of the reflected signal recorded by the receiver in the bistatic GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) sensing scheme is analyzed. In such a measurement scheme, the DS width depends on the projection of the receiver velocity on the reflected rays connecting the reflecting points on the surface with the receiver. In this case, it can be assumed that the incident GNSS radiation in the reflection region has a flat front, therefore only the central frequency of the DS shift depends on the projection of the emitter velocity. Thus, knowing the geometry of the problem: emitter – mirror reflection point – receiver, it is possible to determine the corresponding grazing angle of the reflected beam for each frequency of the measured DS. The proposed algorithm was applied to the TDS-1 satellite data, which were obtained during measurements over Antarctica in the Weddell Sea region and in the Atlantic Ocean, as well as in the Sea of Okhotsk. To verify the type of reflecting surface (ice/water), the data on the ice cover concentration of the AMSR-2 (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2) radiometer were used. The assumption that the width of the Doppler spectrum from sea ice is significantly smaller than from sea waves was confirmed. Scattering patterns for sea waves and sea ice were reconstructed and the obtained dependencies were compared with the dependencies of the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) mission based on radar data in the Ku range.
Keywords: GNSS, quasi-specular reflection, L-band, scatter pattern, sea ice remote sensing, TDS-1
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