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ISSN 2070-7401 (Print), ISSN 2411-0280 (Online)
Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

  

Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2024, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 288-305

Feasibility of satellite radar observation of river and lagoon plumes in the southeastern Baltic Sea

M.I. Mityagina 1 , O.Yu. Lavrova 1 
1 Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia
Accepted: 06.10.2024
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2024-21-5-288-305
The article considers the features of manifestation of coastal plumes formed by the Vistula outflow and the outflow of waters from the Kaliningrad and Curonian Lagoons in the coastal zone of the southeastern Baltic Sea in satellite radar images of the sea surface. The experimental basis for the study was satellite data obtained for the three areas of interest from May 1, 2022, to April 30, 2024, using synthetic aperture radars C-SAR of the Sentinel-1A, -1B satellites. The study also involved the data from multispectral sensors in the visible range — MSI (Multispectral Instrument) of the Sentinel-2A, -2B satellites and the scanning radiometer OLI (Operational Land Image) of the Landsat-8, -9 satellites accumulated over the same period. We analyzed coastal plumes’ SAR signatures distinguished by various morphological forms. Summarizing the results of the analysis, we identified and described four primary mechanisms of plume visualization in radar images of the Baltic Sea surface: plumes with a pronounced boundary visible as a line of sharp increase of the backscattered signal; plumes with a boundary outlined by slicks; areas of amplification/weakening of the radar signal in a plume without formation of a pronounced front; plume manifestation due to tracers, such as ice/accumulation of biogenic films. In the paper, we provide estimates of relative contribution of these mechanisms to the formation of radar signatures of plumes in each of the three test areas. We also discuss plume area determination accuracy based on various satellite data. The paper emphasizes the importance of using satellite SAR data to obtain detailed information on the spatial variability of river and lagoon water distribution in the test areas.
Keywords: satellite remote sensing, sea surface, satellite radar, SAR, satellite optical data, river outflows, plume of fresh water, surface films, Baltic Sea
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