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High precision star orientation tracker of new generation: Features of the design and algorithm of operation

V.Yu. Dementyev¹ , A.N. Vasileiskaya¹

¹ Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia

Accepted: 22.12.2023
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2024-21-1-149-162

An urgent need for high-precision orientation measurements is particularly in demand in the task of georeferencing Earth remote sensing images. These data is used to compile digital topographic maps and their subsequent updating. A key role in solving this issue is assigned to stellar sensors with acceptable measurement accuracy. The article describes a modern high-precision stellar orientation sensor manufactured by Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Its distinctive feature is the achievement of a qualitatively new level of technical indicators and, first of all, this applies to the accuracy of angular orientation measurements. The latter is at least one, and in advantage reaches tenths of angular seconds (σ = 0.1 angular seconds), which is confirmed by the results of bench tests presented in the article. In terms of geo-referencing error, one angular second entails a displacement of about 2.5 meters when shooting at a nadir from a height of 500 km. Achieving an accuracy index of units of meters is quite enough to compile digital maps and complies with generally accepted international standards. The paper presents the main factors influencing the accuracy of orientation calculation by a star sensor and methods for their compensation. The choice of the element base of the device is discussed with the justification of the decisions made. The design features of the star sensor, including the applied means of heat and radiation protection, are considered. Special attention is paid to the description of the operating modes of the device and their inherent features. The introduction of star catalogs based on modern Hipparcos and Gaia catalogs is considered. The problems that stand in the way of their correct use in the star sensor are described. The reasons for the formation of our own star catalog taking into account the resolution of the device are considered, its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The consequences of operating the device when environmental conditions change — from air to space vacuum — are presented. The expediency of refining the optical system model by conducting repeated flight geometric calibration is shown. It is recommended immediately after the spacecraft enters orbit and its thermal stabilization. The flight calibration method is implemented in a high-precision star sensor in two ways. One method involves setting up a communication session with the device and telemetry of a sufficient array of coordinates of stars, a known direction and spectral class, with their subsequent processing on Earth. Another method implies the possibility of fully automatic recalculation in a special optional mode. The high-precision star orientation device was developed and successfully passed all the tests specified by the ground testing program. Its application is expected on prospective remote sensing spacecrafts.

Keywords: IKI RAS, remote sensing, star tracker, astroorientation, orientation measurement error

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