Журнал

About Editorial Board Information for authors and reviewers Publication ethics Contacts User Account: send / review a manuscript
Archive
Volume 21, 2024
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5
Volume 20, 2023
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6
Volume 19, 2022
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6
Volume 18, 2021
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6
Volume 17, 2020
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6 Number 7
Volume 16, 2019
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6
Volume 15, 2018
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6 Number 7
Volume 14, 2017
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6 Number 7
Volume 13, 2016
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6
Volume 12, 2015
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6
Volume 11, 2014
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4
Volume 10, 2013
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4
Volume 9, 2012
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5
Volume 8, 2011
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4
Volume 7, 2010
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4
Issue 6, 2009
Volume 1 Volume 2
Issue 5, 2008
Volume 1 Volume 2
Issue 4, 2007
Volume 1 Volume 2
Issue 3, 2006
Volume 1 Volume 2
Issue 2, 2005
Volume 1 Volume 2
Issue 1, 2004
Volume 1
Search
Find:
русский
ISSN 2070-7401 (Print), ISSN 2411-0280 (Online)
Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

  

Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2022, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 265-279

On the dynamics of waters in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay (satellite information)

A.I. Ginzburg 1 , A.G. Kostianoy 1, 2 , N.A. Sheremet 1 
1 Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia
2 Moscow Witte University, Moscow, Russia
Accepted: 10.08.2022
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2022-19-4-265-279
The Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay is a hypersaline reservoir (water salinity varies from 40 to 270 ‰), which is an effective evaporator of water from the Caspian Sea entering in the bay through the strait of the same name. At the end of 2020, the water level in the bay, according to the HYDROWEB, LEGOS (France) system, dropped to –29.25 m BS, which is 0.75 m below the Caspian level. The area and volume of the bay at the same time amounted to approximately 17,300 km2 and 60 km3. The depth of the bay did not exceed 5–7 m. Sentinel 2 optical satellite images with spatial resolution of 10 m (4 images from July 16 to July 31, 2021, and image from October 9, 2021), OLI Landsat-8 IR image (July 20, 2021, 100 m resolution), all MODIS_Terra_Corrected Reflectance_True Color optical images available for 2021 (250 m resolution), IR images of NOAA 15, -16, -18 satellites in 2001–2005 (resolution 1 km) and MODIS-Aqua image (combination of RGB channels 1, 4, 3) from October 2, 2005 were used to reveal the structure of the transformed Caspian waters at the exit from the strait, their manifestation in the temperature field, the ways of further propagation of the flow from the mixing zone and the possibility of vortex formation in the waters of the bay. It is shown that water flows into the bay through numerous branches of the strait delta in jets, the boundaries of which are identified even at a distance of several kilometers from the channel. The temperature contrast between the water in the jets at the exit from the strait and in the bay in the summer season, when the water in the bay is warmer than the water in the Middle Caspian (especially during the period of intense upwelling near the eastern coast of the sea), can reach 10–11 °C. The direction of flow propagation with sharp frontal boundaries from the area of mixing of sea and bay waters is diverse: it can be directed (presumably depending on the wind direction) along the coast to the north or southeast, to have the shape of an elliptical lens with clear frontal boundaries against the background of the flow propagating along the stream coasts or a mushroom shape oriented perpendicular to the coast. In the KBG Bay, eddy structures of different scales (from about 7 to 50 km) are observed in different parts of the water area both in the visible range of the spectrum and in IR images (tracers are the difference in the color of the waters of the bay and the Caspian waters, turbidity, and temperature contrasts). The manifestation of the Langmuir circulation on the surface of the bay on October 9, 2021, with a distance between convergence lines of 50–100 m at a northeast wind of 3.3 m/s and an air temperature of 14.5 °C is considered.
Keywords: Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, Caspian Sea, bay level, sea level, vortices, vortex dipoles, fronts, satellite data, optical images, Langmuir circulation
Full text

References:

  1. Bulatov S. A., Diatoms of the strait connecting the Caspian Sea and the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, Diatomovye vodorosli: sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy issledovanii (Diatoms: Current State and Research Prospects: Proc. XIII Intern. Conf. Algologists), 24–29 Aug. 2013, Borok, Russia: Kostroma Printing House, 2013, pp. 29–30 (in Russian).
  2. Bulatov S. A. (2021a), Newly found diatom species for flora of Kara-Bogaz-Gol bay (Caspian Sea), Botanicheskii zhurnal, 2021, Vol. 106, No. 1, pp. 52–60 (in Russian), DOI: 10.31857/S000681362101004X.
  3. Bulatov S. A. (2021b), Artemia of the Kara-Bogas-Gol Bay is the important component of the hypersaline aquaculture of the Caspian region, Kaspii v tsifrovuyu epokhu (Caspian in the Digital Age: Proc. National Scientific-Practical Conf. with Intern. Participation), 27 May 2021, Astrakhan: Astrakhan University Press, 2021 (in Russian), available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=45769335.
  4. Vyruchalkina T. Yu., Development of a digital elevation model of Kara-Bogaz-Gol bay, Trudy Karel’skogo nauchnogo tsentra Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, 2020, No. 4, pp. 139–144 (in Russian), DOI: 10.17076/lim1199.
  5. Gidrometeorologiya i gidrokhimiya morei. Tom 6. Kaspiiskoe more. Vyp. 1. Gidrometeorologicheskie usloviya (The Sea project. Hydrometeorology and hydrochemistry of the seas. Vol. 6. The Caspian Sea. Issue 1. Hydrometeorological conditions), Terziev F. S. (ed.), Saint Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, 1992, 358 p. (in Russian).
  6. Ginzburg A. I., Kostianoy A. G., Tendencies of changes in hydrometeorological parameters of the Caspian Sea in the modern period (1990s – 2017), Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2018, Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 195–207 (in Russian), DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2018-15-7-195-207.
  7. Ginzburg A. I., Kostianoy A. G., Sheremet N. A., Seasonal and interannual variability of the surface temperature of the Caspian Sea, Okeanologiya, 2004, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 645–659 (in Russian).
  8. Ginzburg A. I., Kostianoy A. G., Serykh I. V., Lebedev S. A. (2021a), Climatic changes in hydrometeorological parameters of the Caspian Sea (1980–2020), Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2021, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 277–291 (in Russian), DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2021-18-5-277-291.
  9. Ginzburg A. I., Kostianoy A. G., Sheremet N. A., Soloviev D. M. (2021b), Vortices in the western large Aral Sea (satellite information), Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2021, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 236–246 (in Russian), DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2021-18-4-236-246.
  10. Karpychev Yu. A., Variations in the sedimentation in Kara Bogaz Gol bay related to sea level fluctuations during the novocaspian time, Oceanology, 2007, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 857–864.
  11. Lavrova O. Yu., Kostianoy A. G., Lebedev S. A., Mityagina M. I., Ginzburg A. I., Sheremet N. A., Kompleksnyi sputnikovyi monitoring morei Rossii (Complex Satellite Monitoring of the Russian Seas), Moscow: IKI RAN, 2011, 471 p. (in Russian).
  12. Lebedev S. A., Kostianoy A. G., Sputnikovaya al’timetriya Kaspiiskogo morya (Satellite altimetry of the Caspian Sea), Moscow: 2005, 366 p. (in Russian).
  13. Monin A. S., Krasitskiy V. P., Yavleniya na poverkhnosti okeana (Phenomena on the surface of the ocean), Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985, 376 p. (in Russian).
  14. Ryanzhin S. V., Kochkov N. V., Karlin L. N., Mysterious circulations, Priroda, 2008, No. 4, pp. 17–23 (in Russian).
  15. Ferronskii V. I., Brezgunov V. S., Vlasova L. S., Karpychev Yu.A., Polyakov V. A., Bobkov A. F., Romanovskii V. V., Jonson T., Ricketts D., Rasmussen K., Variations in the hydrological regime of Kara-Bogaz-Gol gulf, lake Issyk-Kul, and the Aral Sea assessed based on data of bottom sediment studies, Water Resources, 2003, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 252–259.
  16. Ginzburg A. I., Kostianoy A. G., Sheremet N. A., Sea surface temperature variability, In: The Caspian Sea Environment, Ser.: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, A. G. Kostianoy, A. N. Kosarev (eds.), Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 2005, Vol. 5P, pp. 59–81, DOI: 10.1007/698_5_004.
  17. Kosarev A. N., Kostianoy A. G., Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, In: The Caspian Sea Environment, Ser.: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, A. G. Kostianoy, A. N. Kosarev (eds.), Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 2005, Vol. 5P, pp. 211–221, https://doi.org/10.1007/698_5_011.
  18. Kosarev A. N., Yablonskaya E. A., The Caspian Sea, The Hague: SPB Academic Publ., 1994, 176 p.
  19. Kosarev A. N., Kostianoy A. G., Zonn I. S., Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay: physical and chemical evolution, Aquatic Geochemistry, 2009, Vol. 15, No. 1–2, Special Issue: Saline Lakes and Global Change, pp. 223–236, DOI: 10.1007/s10498-008-9054-z.
  20. Kosarev A. N., Kostianoy A. G., Zonn I. S., Zhiltsov S. S., The Caspian Sea and Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, In: The Turkmen Lake AltynAsyr and Water Resources in Turkmenistan, Ser.: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, I. S. Zonn, A. G. Kostianoy (eds.), Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2013, Vol. 28, pp. 69–94, DOI: 10.1007/698_2013_228.
  21. Kostianoy A. G., Lebedev S. A., Solovyov D. M., Satellite monitoring of water resources in Turkmenistan, Intern. Water Technol. J., 2011, Vol. 1, Iss. 1, pp. 4–15.
  22. Kostianoy A. G., Lebedev S. A., Solovyov D. M., Satellite Monitoring of the Caspian Sea, Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, Sarykamysh and Altyn Asyr Lakes, and Amu Darya River, In: The Turkmen Lake Altyn Asyr and Water Resources in Turkmenistan, Ser.: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, I. S. Zonn, A. G. Kostianoy (eds.), Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2014, Vol. 28, pp. 197–231, DOI: 10.1007/698_2013_237.
  23. Kostianoy A. G., Ginzburg A. I., Lavrova O. Yu., Lebedev S. A., Mityagina M. I., Sheremet N. A., Soloviev D. M., Comprehensive Satellite Monitoring of Caspian Sea Conditions, In: Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas, Barale V., Gade M. (eds.), Cham: Springer, 2019, pp. 505–521, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94067-0_28.
  24. Lebedev S., Climatic variability of water circulation in the Caspian Sea based on satellite altimetry data, Intern. J. Remote Sensing, 2018, pp. 4343–4359, DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2018.1441567.
  25. Leroy S. A. G., Marret F., Giralt S., Bulatov S. A., Natural and anthropogenic rapid changes in the Kara-Bogaz Gol over the last two centuries reconstructed from palynological analyses and a comparison to instrumental records, Quaternary Intern., 2006, Vol. 150, pp. 52–70, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2006.01.007.