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ISSN 2070-7401 (Print), ISSN 2411-0280 (Online)
Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

  

Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2021, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 258-270

Evaluation of the characteristics of the reflected radar signal during bistatic sensing of the water surface in the presence of a river current

Yu.A. Titchenko 1 , V.Yu. Karaev 1 , M.S. Ryabkova 1 , K.A. Ponur 1 
1 Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Accepted: 23.03.2021
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2021-18-2-258-270
The advantage of bistatic remote sensing is the ability to carry out measurements in a region far from the receiver and emitter, while the scattering remains in the quasi-specular region and is described by the well-studied Kirchhoff approximation. This makes it possible to obtain an explicit relationship between the scattering characteristics and the parameters of the water surface, which opens possibilities for creating new algorithms for solving the inverse problem of retrieving the wave parameters. In addition, the power level of the received signal in the quasi-specular reflection region significantly exceeds the resonant scattering region, which makes it possible to use signals from satellite navigation systems reflected from the underlying surface for remote sensing tasks. This work is devoted to the presentation of an original approach for calculating the characteristics of microwave radiation directly reflected from wind waves formed in the presence of a constant current. Within the framework of this approach, the concepts of effective wind speed and direction, depending on the speed and direction of the current, are used to define the wave number spectrum of surface waves in the presence of a constant current. To set the frequency spectrum of the waves, the harmonic frequencies are additionally recalculated depending on the speed and direction of the current. The paper presents the dependence of the wave spectrum on the current velocity and on the angle between the wind and current directions. Next, the spectra are used to calculate the second order statistical moments of waves, which are necessary to calculate the Doppler spectrum (DS) of the reflected radiation. To calculate the DS, an approach is used that considers the speeds of the receiver and emitter, the antenna patterns of the receiving and emitting antennas, and depends on 6 second order statistical moments describing the reflecting surface. In this work, the dependences of the bistatic radar cross section, the width and shift of the DS of the reflected radiation on the azimuthal angle of the sensing plane and the wind direction are presented. An algorithm is proposed for retrieving the speed and direction of the current when measuring the characteristics of the DS of the from navigation satellites (GPS, GLONASS, etc.) signal reflected by the water surface on a bridge or offshore platform.
Keywords: scattering cross section, Doppler spectrum, Kirchhoff approximation, quasi-specular scattering, GLONASS, GPS, slope, vertical orbital velocity variance, bistatic sensing, current, wind, waves, wave spectrum
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