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ISSN 2070-7401 (Print), ISSN 2411-0280 (Online)
Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

  

Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2020, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 255-268

Tornadoes in the environments of weak convective instability: analysis of two cases in the eastern part of the European Russia

A.N. Shikhov 1 , N.A. Kalinin 1 , A.V. Bykov 1 , I.O. Azhigov 1 , A.V. Shumikhina 2 
1 Perm State University, Perm, Russia
2 OOO MicroStep-MIS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Accepted: 03.09.2020
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2020-17-5-255-268
The paper describes the environments of formation of two tornado outbreaks that occurred June 4, 2018, and September 13, 2018, in the eastern part of the European Russia (Perm Region, Kirov Region and Udmurt Republic). Tornado paths and intensity were estimated on the basis of eyewitness observations, damage reports and analysis of tornado-induced windthrows from Sentinel-2 satellite data and high-resolution images. Diagnostic variables (instability indices) characterizing the environments of tornado occurrence were calculated based on CFSv2 and ERA-5 reanalysis data. The main feature of both investigated outbreaks was formation of significant tornadoes (EF2 intensity by the enhanced Fujita scale) in conditions of low air temperature in the surface layer (+15...+18 °C), weak convective instability (CAPE < 500 J/kg) and strong deep-layer wind shear (over 25 m/s). Both outbreaks formed under the influence of a deep surface low which was at a maximum development stage. The warm sector overlapped with the axial part of a jet stream in the middle troposphere. The high air humidity in the surface layer caused a low condensation level. An analysis of satellite data from SEVIRI/Meteosat-8 combined with eye-witness reports showed that the tornado outbreak of June 4, 2018, was generated by two mini-supercells, and the outbreak of September 13, 2018, was associated with a squall line with embedded mesocyclones. The cloud top temperature was >–50 °C in both cases which significantly complicates the identification of mesocyclones with satellite data.
Keywords: tornadoes, windthrows, Sentinel-2 images, Meteosat-8 data, ERA-5 and CFSv2 reanalysis data, convective instability, wind shear
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