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ISSN 2070-7401 (Print), ISSN 2411-0280 (Online)
Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

  

Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, 2019, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 9-30

The world’s first experiment on microwave Earth sensing from space on the Kosmos-243 satellite

B.G. Kutuza 1 , L.M. Mitnik 2 , A.B. Akvilonova 3 
1 V.A. Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics RAS, Moscow, Russia
2 V. I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
3 V.A. Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics RAS, Fryazino Branch, Fryazino, Moscow Region, Russia
Accepted: 18.10.2019
DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2019-16-6-9-30
September 23, 2018, it was 50 years since the launch of the Kosmos-243 satellite into orbit with four microwave radiometers that measured the thermal radiation of the atmosphere and the Earth surface at wavelengths: 0.8, 1.35, 3.4 and 8.5 cm. The history of research on the development of microwave radiometric techniques of remote sensing of natural environment and creation of equipment that was ahead of the time is presented. The characteristics of the radiometers, the main results of the experiment and the possibility of joint analysis of microwave measurements and visible and infrared satellite data are considered. For the first time, total water content in the clouds W, water vapor in the atmosphere Q, and ocean surface temperature were simultaneously retrieved, areas of precipitation and storm winds were revealed. According to satellite data, water vapor fields were mapped, W and Q dependences on latitude were obtained for individual oceans and for the entire World Ocean, the masses of water vapor and water in clouds in the Earth atmosphere were estimated; the increments of brightness temperatures in atmospheric fronts, in precipitation zones, in the intratropical convergence zone were determined. Edge position and concentration of sea ice around Antarctica were determined, and the features of microwave radiation from continental ice were explained. For terrestrial covers, the effects of moisture and structure of the upper layer of the surface and relief on brightness temperature were shown. Nowadays the direction of remote sensing from space initiated by the world’s first experiment on Kosmos-243 is still being intensively developed.
Keywords: microwave sounding of the Earth, Kosmos-243, retrieval of geophysical parameters
Full text

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